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All the civil engineering structures whether buildings, dams, bridges, etc. are built on soils. A base is required to transmit the load of the structures on a large area of soil. The base of the structure should be designed so that the ground below will not fail in the shear nor will there be an excessive settlement of the structure. The conventional method of foundation design is based on the concept of load capacity. The soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by the weathering of solid rock. The soil is the most important material used for the construction of civil engineering structures. Among all the parameters, the load capacity of the soil to support the load over unit area important. There are several methods to calculate the soil carrying capacity presented by the specialist. The main factors that influence the ultimate load capacities are the type of soil, the foundation width, the weight of the soil in the cutting area and the surcharge. Struc

Composite construction basically refers to the use of steel and concrete formed so that the resulting component behaves as a single element. The objective of the composite construction is to use the best properties of the different materials and offer a performance that is greater than individual components had been used together but not unified. In the case of steel and concrete, the best properties would be the tensile strength of the steel and the compression capacity of the concrete. The composite construction dominates the multi-storey non-residential construction sector. This has been the case for more than twenty years. Its success is due to the resistance and rigidity that can be achieved with the minimum use of materials. The reason why the composite construction is often so good can be expressed in a simple way, concrete is good at compression and steel is good at tension. By structurally joining the two materials, these strengths can be used to obtain a highly efficien

A concrete pile is basically a long cylinder in reinforced concrete that is buried in the ground to act as a stable support for the structures that will be built on top of a platform supported by one or more of said cylinders. The set is known as foundation piles or deep foundations. Pile foundations are mainly required for tall buildings as the design loads are too large to be supported on spread footings. Sometimes, when soil has low SBC or the soil is clayey, a raft or a pile foundation may be the solution.   Piles can by classified in 3 ways: The way in which the load is transferred on to the soil. Method of Installation. Material of construction.   Classification of Piles based on load transfer   Point Bearing Piles If bedrock or hard strata is present within reasonable depth, piles can be extended to rest on the bedrock or penetrate required depth into the hard strata. In this case, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile depends entirely on the und

An underground (U/G) tank is a container that can be used for storing a liquid without appreciable loss by leakage through its walls or base. Various underground water tanks are U/G components of a sewage treatment plant, swimming pools, sumps, oily water sewers, sulphur pits, manholes and catch basins. Water tanks are used to provide storage of water for use in a number of applications. Structural design of a water tank includes design parameters such as concrete grade, reinforcement grade, soil parameters, water table and edge support conditions of the tank walls. The tank slab and wall thicknesses mainly are decided based upon the edge shears and bending moments. Generally, reinforcement consists of 2 orthogonal layers on each face with adequate concrete covers. Crack control check is a necessary check in u/g tank design. Testing for leakage is an obligatory test is u/g tank design. In general, underground water tanks are used for various purposes such as storage of po

Civil infrastructure engineers are required to work with various types of client including private individuals, architects, land developers, master planners and housing developers from one off projects to more regular ongoing assistance and support. They are experienced in developments across sectors including residential, housing, commercial and industrial. Civil infrastructure systems involve design, analysis, and management of infrastructure supporting activities including electric power, oil and gas, water and waste water, communications, transportation and collections of buildings for urban and rural communities. These networks deliver essential services, provide shelter, and support social interactions and economic development. In one line,  they are the lifeline of any society.  Civil infrastructure systems builds on and extends traditional civil engineering areas. Rather than focus on individual structural components or structures, it emphasizes on how different s

The acronym RCC stands for Reinforced Cement Concrete. An RCC framed structure is essentially a set of slabs, beams, columns and foundations which are interconnected together to form a stable configuration. The transfer of load in such structure takes place from the slabs to the beams, and from the beams to the columns and finally to the foundation which in turn transfers it to the underlying soil.  The floor area of ​​a RCC framed structure is 10 to 12 percent more than that of a load bearing structure because of the load bearing walls that have a relatively large base area compared with footings for a framed structure. Therefore, there is a real economy in case of an RCC framed structure especially where the cost of the land is very high. Most importantly, in case of RCC framed structures, the internal planning of the rooms, bathrooms, W/Cs etc. can be altered by changing the position of the non-loaded partition walls, thus providing greater flexibility in planning and subs